The Nobel Prize is one of the world's most prestigious awards, given each year to people who have made extraordinary contributions to humanity. Swedish inventor Alfred Nobel established these prizes in his will in 1895, using his fortune from inventing dynamite to reward excellence in physics, chemistry, medicine, literature, and peace. A sixth prize in economics was added later.

When scientists discover something that changes how we understand the universe, when doctors find new ways to cure diseases, when writers create literature that moves millions of readers, or when peacemakers help end conflicts between nations, they might receive a Nobel Prize. Each prize comes with a gold medal, a diploma, and a substantial sum of money.

The Nobel Prize in Physics has honored discoveries like X-rays and the structure of atoms. The Peace Prize has recognized people like Jane Addams, who fought for social reform and peace, and Malala Yousafzai, who championed education for girls worldwide. Marie Curie remains the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different sciences: physics and chemistry.

Winners are called Nobel laureates. The prizes are awarded each December in Stockholm, Sweden (except the Peace Prize, which is given in Oslo, Norway). Receiving a Nobel Prize represents recognition that your work has advanced human knowledge or made the world more peaceful.