Wampum refers to small beads made from polished shells, traditionally created and used by Native American peoples of the northeastern woodlands. These beads, usually white or deep purple, were painstakingly crafted from the shells of whelks and quahog clams, then strung together or woven into belts and strings.

Wampum served multiple important purposes. It functioned as a form of currency in trade, both among Native tribes and later with European colonists. More significantly, wampum belts recorded treaties, told stories, and preserved historical events. The patterns and colors in these belts created a kind of written record, helping communities remember important agreements and narratives. When tribes made peace treaties or alliances, they often exchanged wampum belts as sacred pledges.

The creation of wampum required tremendous skill and patience. Each bead had to be carefully shaped, drilled, and polished using simple tools. A single belt might contain thousands of beads and represent months of meticulous work. This craftsmanship made wampum valuable and meaningful.

European colonists recognized wampum's value and eventually began manufacturing it themselves, which disrupted its traditional meaning. Today, some Native communities continue creating wampum using traditional methods, preserving this ancient art form and its cultural importance.